Shukraraj Shastri (1894–1941) was a renowned intellectual, educator, linguist, and democratic activist from Nepal. He is one of the “Four Martyrs of Nepal” (Char Shaheed), whose sacrifice laid the foundation for Nepal’s transition from the oppressive Rana regime to a democratic society. Shastri is celebrated for his commitment to social justice, education, and peaceful resistance.

Early Life and Background

• Birth Name: Shukra Raj Joshi

• Title “Shastri” was earned for his scholarly achievements in Sanskrit literature and Hindu philosophy.

• Born: 1894 in Varanasi, British India (to Nepali parents)

• Ethnicity/Caste: Newar (Joshi family of Kathmandu origin)

Why was he born in India?

Shukraraj’s family lived in exile in India due to the oppressive political climate under the Rana oligarchy in Nepal, which had limited civil rights and suppressed education and free speech. Many Nepali intellectuals and reformists sought freedom and education in India during that time.

Education and Intellectual Development

• Studied at Sanskrit schools and Hindu philosophical institutions in Varanasi.

• Acquired the Shastri degree, equivalent to a postgraduate title in Sanskrit theology and philosophy.

• Became proficient in Nepali, Sanskrit, and Hindi.

• Known for his rationalist thinking, progressive views, and reformist writings.

Shukraraj was not just a scholar in the classical sense. He used his education to question unjust social norms and push for modernization in Nepalese society.

Social Reform and Political Activism

 Shukraraj returned to Nepal in the 1930s with a mission: to awaken the people intellectually and socially.

Key Beliefs:

• Education should be accessible to all, including the lower castes and women.

• The Nepali language should be simplified for public use.

• Religion should serve humanity, not enforce inequality.

• The autocratic Rana regime should be replaced with democracy and rule of law.

Activities:

• Wrote essays, pamphlets, and speeches promoting nationalism and democracy.

• Delivered public lectures in Kathmandu, often in open spaces and temples.

• Emphasized non-violence, truth, and moral courage – echoing Gandhian philosophy.

• Collaborated with like-minded figures, including Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Gangalal Shrestha, and Dasharath Chand.

The Rana Regime and Its Oppression

The Ranas ruled Nepal from 1846 to 1951 as hereditary prime ministers, sidelining the monarchy and enforcing a repressive system:

• Banned political parties

• Censored literature and education

• Criminalized dissent and political speech

• Created extreme disparities between the elites and the masses

Shukraraj’s growing influence and anti-regime messages posed a threat to their control.

Arrest, Trial, and Execution

Arrest:

In 1940, Shukraraj was arrested under false charges of treason and sedition. The Rana rulers accused him of conspiring to overthrow the government, though no direct evidence linked him to any violent action.

Trial:

• Held without due process.

• Tried in a secret military court.

• Denied legal representation.

Execution:

• Date: January 23, 1941 (Magh 10, 1997 BS)

• Place: Pachali, Kathmandu

• Method: Public hanging

Shukraraj faced his death with calm dignity, reportedly reciting Sanskrit verses. His final message was a reaffirmation of his belief in justice, truth, and a free Nepal.

Legacy and National Recognition

Shukraraj Shastri is honored as one of Nepal’s Four National Martyrs (Rastriya Shaheed), along with:

1. Dharma Bhakta Mathema

2. Gangalal Shrestha

3. Dasharath Chand

Memorials and Honors:

• Shahid Gate (Martyrs’ Gate) in Kathmandu displays his statue.

• Martyrs’ Day (Shaheed Diwas) is observed every Magh 16 in Nepal.

• Numerous schools, roads, and institutions bear his name (e.g., Shukra Raj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital).

• Featured in Nepali textbooks as a national hero and role model.

Literary Contributions

Although not as prolific a writer as some of his contemporaries, Shukraraj Shastri:

• Championed the use of Nepali in education and literature.

• Wrote essays and speeches calling for unity, justice, and reform.

• Believed that true patriotism lies in service to the people, not blind allegiance to rulers.

His philosophical outlook deeply influenced future democratic leaders in Nepal.

Interesting Facts

• His execution site, Pachali, is now considered a symbol of resistance.

• Despite being executed, Shukraraj never called for the violent overthrow of the regime.

• He is one of the few political martyrs who was also a religious scholar, blending spiritual depth with political insight.

• He maintained non-political writings as well, including religious discourses and moral teachings.

Conclusion

Shukraraj Shastri’s life was a rare blend of scholarship, courage, and conscience. He chose to stand against injustice not through arms, but through words, truth, and knowledge. His execution did not suppress his message—instead, it became the spark for the people’s awakening in Nepal.

Shukraraj remains a timeless inspiration for those who believe in peaceful resistance, human rights, and the power of education to transform society.